Fig. 3　Posterolateral lumbar fusion volumes. Fusion volumes were measured by micro-CT at 2-week intervals for 8 weeks post-surgery. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 6 rats per group) . Statistical analysis was performed using repeated measures ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test. Main effect of treatment: F (3, 20) = 178.64, p < 0.001; Main effect of time: F (4, 80) = 2843.73, p < 0.001; Interaction: F (12, 80) = 22.51, p < 0.001. *p < 0.05 vs. control group at each time point.